Chemistry+Syllabus

toc [|Syllabus for exams in 2011] [|Syllabus for exams in 2012]

=1. The particulate nature of matter=
 * Core||Supplement ||
 * Describe the states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory
 * Describe and explain diffusion
 * Describe evidence for the movement of particles in gases and liquids (a treatment of Brownian motion is not required)||* Describe dependence of rate of diffusion on molecular mass (treated qualitatively)||

=2. Experimental techniques=
 * 2.1 Measurement||
 * Core||Supplement||
 * Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, including burettes, pipettes and measuring cylinders|| ||
 * 2.2 (a) Criteria of purity||
 * Core||Supplement||
 * Describe paper chromatography
 * Interpret simple chromatograms
 * Identify substances and assess their purity from melting point and boiling point information
 * Understand the importance of purity in substances in everyday life, e.g. foodstuffs and drugs||* Interpret simple chromatograms, including the use of R f values
 * Outline how chromatography techniques can be applied to colourless substances by exposing chromatograms to substances called locating agents (knowledge of specific locating agents is not required)||
 * 2.2 (b) Methods of purification||
 * Core||Supplement||
 * Describe methods of purification by the use of a suitable solvent, filtration, crystallisation, distillation (including use of fractionating column). (Refer to the fractional distillation of crude oil in section 14.2 and products of fermentation in section 14.6.)
 * Suggest suitable purification techniques, given information about the substances involved|| ||

=3. Atoms, elements and compounds=
 * 3.1 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table||
 * Core||Supplement||
 * State the relative charges and approximate relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons
 * Define proton number and nucleon number
 * Use proton number and the simple structure of atoms to explain the basis of the Periodic Table (see section 9), with special reference to the elements of proton number 1 to 20
 * Define isotopes
 * State the two types of isotopes as being radioactive and non-radioactive
 * State one medical and one industrial use of radioactive isotopes
 * Describe the build-up of electrons in ‘shells’ and understand the significance of the noble gas electronic structures and of valency electrons (the ideas of the distribution of electrons in s and p orbitals and in d block elements are not required.)(Note: a copy of the Periodic Table, as shown in the Appendix, will be available in Papers 1, 2 and 3)|| ||
 * 3.2 Bonding: the structure of matter||
 * Core||Supplement||
 * Describe the differences between elements, mixtures and compounds, and between metals and non-metals
 * Describe an alloy, such as brass, as a mixture of a metal with other elements||
 * 3.2 (a) Ions and ionic bonds||
 * Core||Supplement||
 * Describe the formation of ions by electron loss or gain
 * Describe the formation of ionic bonds between elements from Groups I and VII||* Describe the formation of ionic bonds between metallic and non-metallic elements
 * Describe the lattice structure of ionic compounds as a regular arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions||
 * 3.2 (b) Molecules and covalent bonds||
 * Core||Supplement||
 * Describe the formation of single covalent bonds in H 2, Cl 2 , H 2 O, CH 4 and HCl as the sharing of pairs of electrons leading to the noble gas configuration
 * Describe the differences in volatility, solubility and electrical conductivity between ionic and covalent compounds||* Describe the electron arrangement in more complex covalent molecules such as N 2, C 2 H 4 , CH 3 OH and CO 2 ||
 * 3.2 (c) Macromolecules||
 * Core||Supplement||
 * Describe the giant covalent structures of graphite and diamond
 * Relate their structures to the use of graphite as a lubricant and of diamond in cutting||* Describe the macromolecular structure of silicon(IV) oxide (silicon dioxide)
 * Describe the similarity in properties between diamond and silicon(IV) oxide, related to their structures||
 * 3.2 (d) Metallic bonding||
 * Core||Supplement||
 * ||* Describe metallic bonding as a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’ and use this to describe the electrical conductivity and malleability of metals||